Archives Monthly: December 2022

Okunamandla

I-Geology Yegolide: Ukubheka Okujulile Ekubunjweni, Ukusabalalisa, kanye Nokukhishwa Kwensimbi Eyigugu

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Isigaxa segolide
31
Dec

Igolide liyinsimbi eyigugu osekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka ifunwa. Yaziswa ngobuhle bayo, ukutholakala kwayo okungavamile, nekhono layo lokumelana nokugqwala. Kodwa livelaphi igolide? Yakhiwa futhi yasakazwa kanjani emhlabeni wonke? Futhi ikhishwa futhi icutshungulwe kanjani? Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula i-geology yegolide ukuze siphendule le mibuzo nokunye.

Ukwakheka kwegolide

Igolide kucatshangwa ukuthi lavela ekuqhumeni kwe-supernova okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa edlule. Le micimbi emikhulu yezinkanyezi ikhulula inani elikhulu lamandla, elingahlanganisa izici ezilula ukuze zakhe ezisindayo. Kukholakala ukuthi igolide, kanye nezinye izakhi ezisindayo njengeplatinamu nesiliva, zadalwa ngale ndlela zase zisakazeka endaweni yonke.

Emhlabeni, igolide lingatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko zamadiphozithi: ama-lode deposits nama-placer deposits. I-Lode deposits, eyaziwa nangokuthi idiphozithi eyinhloko, ingumphumela wamaminerali anegolide afakwa uketshezi lwe-hydrothermal. Lolu ketshezi, olucebile ngegolide elincibilikisiwe namanye amaminerali, kwakheka lapho i-magma eshisayo ihlangana namanzi. Njengoba uketshezi luphola futhi luqina, amaminerali aqukethwe afakwa emifantwini nasemifantwini yedwala.

Ama-placer deposits, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akhiwa lapho igolide lihlukaniswa nedwala eliphethe futhi lithwalwa amanzi or umoya. Lokhu kungenzeka lapho idiphozithi yendawo iguguleka futhi igolide likhishelwa emfudlaneni noma emfuleni, lapho-ke liyiswa phansi nomfula lifakwe endaweni entsha. Ama-placer deposits avame ukutholakala ngesimo semibhede yamatshe noma izigxobo zesihlabathi ezigodini zemifula.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwegolide

Igolide litholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi emhlabeni, nakuba livame ukutholakala ngendlela ye-lode deposits ezindaweni ezinomthamo ophezulu wamadwala entaba-mlilo kanye ne-sedimentary. Ezinye zezifunda ezidume kakhulu ngokukhiqiza igolide zihlanganisa iWitwatersrand Basin eNingizimu Afrika, iCarlin Trend in. Nevada, kanye ne-Super Pit eNtshonalanga Australia.

Nokho, igolide lingatholakala futhi ngamanani amancane ezinhlobonhlobo zamanye amatshe namaminerali. Isibonelo, kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa ne asebenza ngebhethri, okuyiminerali evamile etholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamatshe. Igolide lingatholakala futhi ngamanani amancane ezinhlotsheni ezithile zenhlabathi, kanye nasemanzini olwandle.

Ukukhishwa kwegolide

Uma idiphozi yegolide isitholakele futhi isilungele ukumbiwa, kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezingasetshenziswa ukuze kukhishwe igolide. Indlela evame kakhulu i-cyanide leaching, ehlanganisa ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-cyanide ukuncibilikisa igolide ensimbi. Igolide libe selitholwa esixazululweni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-adsorption, lapho igolide likhangiswa phezu kwekhabhoni ecushiwe.

Enye indlela esetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi i-heap leaching, ehlanganisa ukunqwabelanisa insimbi enqwabeni bese ufafaza isixazululo sokucwilisa phezulu. Njengoba ikhambi lingena enqwabeni, lincibilikisa igolide, elibuye litholakale kusetshenziswa inqubo yokukhangisa efana ne-cyanide leaching.

Uma igolide selikhishiwe, ngokuvamile liyacwengwa ukuze kukhishwe noma yikuphi ukungcola. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokuncibilikisa igolide bese ulivumela ukuthi liqine libe isikhunta, okwenza ibha noma ingot. Igolide lingase lithengiswe njengomkhiqizo oyinkunzi noma lisetshenziswe ekwenzeni ubucwebe, izinhlamvu zemali, noma eminye imikhiqizo.

Isiphetho

Igolide liyinsimbi eyigugu ekhangayo futhi efunwa kakhulu. Yakheka ekuqhumeni kwe-supernova futhi ingatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezimbili eziyinhloko zamadiphozithi emhlabeni:

ama-deposit kanye ne-placer deposits. Nakuba ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba-mlilo kanye namadwala e-sedimentary, ingatholakala futhi ngamanani amancane kwezinye izinto.

Ukukhishwa kwegolide etsheni layo kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali nezindlela ezikhethekile. Uma selikhishiwe, igolide liyacwengwa ukuze likhiphe ukungcola futhi lingasetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ubucwebe, izinhlamvu zemali neminye imikhiqizo.

Sekukonke, i-geology yegolide iyisihloko esithakazelisayo esiveza izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilolonge iplanethi yethu kanye nensimbi eyigugu eye yakhanga abantu amakhulu eminyaka. Kusukela yayo ukuqeqeshwa ekuqhumeni kwe-supernova ekukhishweni nasekucwengisisweni kwayo emhlabeni, igolide liyinto eyingqayizivele neyigugu ngempela.

Okunamandla

I-Geology ye-Chrysoberyl: Ukwakheka, Isenzeko, kanye Nezimpawu

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itshe eliyigugu le-chrysoberyl
30
Dec

I-Chrysoberyl iyitshe eliyigugu elingandile futhi elaziswa kakhulu eliye laziswa amakhulu eminyaka ngobuhle balo obumangalisayo nokuqina. Naphezu kokuthandwa kwalo, nokho, abantu abaningi bangase bangazi nge-geology ethakazelisayo ngemuva kwaleli tshe eliyigugu. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizohlola ukuqeqeshwa, ukwenzeka, nezici ze-chrysoberyl kumongo we-geological.

I-Chrysoberyl iwuhlobo lwamaminerali e-silicate akhiwa i-beryllium, i-aluminium, ne-oxygen. Kuyilungu le- i-beryl umndeni, ohlanganisa i-emerald, aquamarine, futhi morganite. I-Chrysoberyl ihlukile kulawa matshe ayigugu ngoba inombala ophuzi-oluhlaza ohlukile kuya kumbala onsundu-ophuzi, obangelwa ukuba khona kokungcola kwe-chromium nensimbi.

I-Chrysoberyl ivamise ukutholakala emadwaleni e-metamorphic kanye ne-igneous, akhiwa ngokushisa nokucindezela komsebenzi we-tectonic. Ingatholakala futhi kuma-alluvial deposits, akhiwa ngokuguguleka nokuthuthwa kwamadwala ngamanzi.

Esinye sezenzakalo eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-chrysoberyl sisezintabeni zase-Ural zaseRussia, lapho itholakala khona emica schist kanye ne-gneiss formations. Itholakala nakwezinye izingxenye zeYurophu, kanye naseBrazil, eMadagascar naseSri Lanka. Kwe I-united states, i-chrysoberyl ingatholakala ku Alabama, California, Futhi Virginia.

Ngokuya ngezici zayo zomzimba, i-chrysoberyl yaziwa ngokuhlukile ubulukhuni kanye nokuqina. Inobunzima obungu-8.5 esikalini se-Mohs, okuyenza ibe ngelinye lamatshe ayigugu anzima kakhulu. Iphinde imelane kakhulu nokunwaya, okwenza kube ukukhetha okudumile ukusetshenziswa kubucwebe.

I-Chrysoberyl inesakhiwo sekristalu esihlukile, esibonakala ngokuma kwayo okuyi-hexagonal. Amakristalu ngokuvamile mancane, futhi avame ukwenzeka ngamaqoqo, okunganikeza itshe eliyigugu ukuguqubala. or ukubukeka kobisi.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-chrysoberyl: i-chrysoberyl evamile kanye ne-cat's eye chrysoberyl. I-chrysoberyl evamile iyindlela evame kakhulu yetshe eliyigugu, futhi ibonakala ngombala wayo ophuzi-oluhlaza kuya kumbala onsundu-ophuzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-chrysoberyl yeso lekati iyivelakancane kakhulu futhi ibonakala ngokuxoxa okuhlukile, noma umphumela "weso lekati", obangelwa ukufakwa okuncane okuhambisanayo okubonisa ukukhanya ngendlela ethile.

Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo njengetshe eliyigugu, i-chrysoberyl inenani lezinye izinto ezithokozisayo kanye nezakhiwo. Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-abrasives ekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi iphinde isetshenziswe njengento ephikisayo, okusho ukuthi ikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi imelana nokuncibilika.

Sekukonke, i-chrysoberyl iyitshe eliyigugu elithakazelisayo neliyingqayizivele elinomlando ocebile nohlukahlukene we-geological. Ukuqina kwayo okungavamile, ukuqina, nobuhle bayo kuyenza ibe itshe eliyigugu elifunwa kakhulu abaqoqi nabathanda ubucwebe emhlabeni jikelele. Ngakho-ke, ngokuzayo lapho ubona ucezu lobucwebe be-chrysoberyl, thatha isikhashana ukwazisa i-geology ethokozisayo ngemuva kwaleli tshe eliyigugu elihle.

Okunamandla

Isibabule: Isici Esibalulekile Ku-Geology kanye Nesayensi Yomhlaba

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isulfure eluhlaza
30
Dec

Isibabule siyikhemikhali enophawu S kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-16. Siphuzi ngokugqamile, siqinile esiqinile ekushiseni kwegumbi futhi sinephunga elihlukile, elihlabayo. Isibabule siyisici esibalulekile kusayensi yokwakheka komhlaba nesayensi yomhlaba, futhi sidlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinqubo zokuma komhlaba.

Ku-geology, isulfure itholakala kakhulu ngesimo sama-sulfide, okungamaminerali aqukethe isulfure kanye nenye. or ezinye izakhi. Amanye amaminerali e-sulfide avamile ahlanganisa i-pyrite (iron sulfide), i-chalcopyrite (i-copper-iron sulfide), ne-sphalerite (zinc sulfide). Ama-sulfide angamaminerali abalulekile e-ore futhi avame ukumbiwa izinsimbi eziqukethe.

I-Sulfur iyatholakala futhi ngesimo se-sulphur dioxide (SO2) emkhathini womhlaba. Kunomthelela omkhulu ekungcoleni komoya futhi kungaba nemiphumela engemihle empilweni yomuntu, kodwa futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile esimweni sezulu soMhlaba. I-Sulfur dioxide iyigesi ebamba ukushisa emkhathini, futhi ingaba nomthelela ekushiseni ukuqeqeshwa yamafu nemvula.

Ngaphezu kokuba khona kwaso kuqweqwe lomhlaba nasemkhathini, isulfure nayo iyisici esibalulekile ku-hydrosphere Yomhlaba. Itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali ancibilikayo emanzini, njengama-sulfate nama-sulfite, angancibilika emanzini futhi athuthwe ngomjikelezo wamanzi. Isibabule siphinde sibe yingxenye eyinhloko yamanye ama-amino acid, okuyizingqimba zokwakha amaprotheni.

Isibabule sinomlando omude emphakathini wesintu futhi siye sasetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukahlukene phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Isetshenziswe njengenhlanganisela yokwelapha, i-fumigant, kanye ne-preservative. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukwenza umbala kumapende nakudayi nanjengengxenye yesibhamu.

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwesibabule ezikhathini zanamuhla ukukhiqizwa kwe-sulfuric acid. I-Sulfuric acid iyi-asidi eqinile esetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yamakhemikhali, futhi iyingxenye ebalulekile yomanyolo, okokuhlanza neminye imikhiqizo.

Ku-geology, isulfure inenani lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile. Isetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukuba khona kwamaminerali athile kanye nokunquma ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali. I-Sulfur isotopes ingasetshenziswa ukutadisha imijikelezo ye-geochemical yomhlaba kanye nokuqonda umlando woMhlaba. Isibabule singasetshenziswa futhi ukunquma iminyaka yamadwala namaminerali ngokusebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-sulphur-isotope geochronology.

Isibabule siyisici esibalulekile ekucwaningweni kwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba nesayensi yomhlaba, futhi sidlala indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi ezibalulekile zokuma komhlaba. Ukuba khona kwawo oqweqweni loMhlaba, emkhathini, naku-hydrosphere kuyenza ibe isici esibalulekile sokuqondwa nokufunda. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwaso ekukhiqizeni i- sulfuric acid kuya endimeni yayo emjikelezweni wesimo sezulu nowomhlaba wamanzi, isibabule siyinto ebalulekile eye yaba nomthelela omkhulu eMhlabeni nasemphakathini wesintu.

Okunamandla

I-Pyrite: Igolide Lobuwula Le-Geology

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i-pyrite iyawa
29
Dec

I-Pyrite, eyaziwa nangokuthi igolide lesiwula, iyiminerali ye-sulfide evamile etholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geological. Inombala ohlukile wethusi-ophuzi kanye nokucwebezela kwensimbi, okuholele esiteketisoni sayo. Nakuba ingase ifane negolide esweni elingaqeqeshiwe, i-pyrite empeleni ihluke kakhulu ngokwezakhiwo zayo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali.

I-pyrite inesakhiwo se-cubic crystal, ne-molecule ngayinye eyakhiwe ama-athomu ensimbi nesibabule ahlelwe ngendlela ethile. Ngokuvamile kutholakala ngesimo samakristalu amancane, akheke kahle, nakuba kungenzeka futhi njengama-aggregates amakhulu, ama-granular.

I-Pyrite itholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezihlukene ze-geological, okuhlanganisa amatshe e-sedimentary, amadwala e-metamorphic, kanye ne-hydrothermal deposits. Ivame ukuhlotshaniswa namanye amaminerali afana asebenza ngebhethri, i-calcite, ne-galena.

Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu ze-pyrite yiyona ubulukhuni. Esikalini se-Mohs, esisetshenziselwa ukukala ubulukhuni bamaminerali, i-pyrite iwela ku-6.5, ethambile kancane kune-quartz kodwa eqinile kakhulu kune-talc. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuklwebha ngommese or enye into ebukhali, kodwa kunzima ukuyichoboza noma ukuyihlikihla.

Ngokwendawo, i-pyrite ingatholakala emhlabeni wonke, nakuba ivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile. Ivamise ukutholakala kumadiphozithi amakhulu ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu Melika, iSpain, neChina. Kwe I-united states, ivame ukutholakala eziNtabeni Zase-Appalachian nasezifundeni ezisentshonalanga, ikakhulukazi e- Nevada futhi Colorado.

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-pyrite njengensimbi yensimbi. Insimbi iyisici esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni insimbi, futhi i-pyrite iwumthombo obalulekile wale nsimbi. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo embonini yensimbi, i-pyrite iphinde isetshenziswe njengomthombo wesulfure futhi njenge-catalyst embonini yamakhemikhali.

I-Pyrite nayo ingumdlali obalulekile ku- ukuqeqeshwa we-acid mine drainage, okuyinkinga enkulu yezemvelo ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Lapho i-pyrite ivezwa emoyeni nasemanzini, isabela ukuze yenze i-sulfuric acid, engakhipha izinsimbi ezisindayo nobunye ubuthi edwaleni nasenhlabathini ezungezile. Lokhu kungangcolisa amanzi futhi kudale umonakalo omkhulu endaweni.

Naphezu kwemithelela yayo engemihle kwezemvelo, i-pyrite isalokhu iyimineral ebalulekile embonini yokwakheka komhlaba nezimayini. Izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele kanye nokwenzeka kwayo okusabalele kuyenza ibe umthombo obalulekile okungenzeka uzoqhubeka nokuxhashazwa iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Okunamandla

I-Yellow Jasper: Uhlolojikelele lwe-Geologic yaleli Litshe Elikhanyayo neligqamile

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Yellow Jasper Rough
29
Dec

I-Yellow Jasper iyitshe elikhanyayo nelinesibindi elithathe ukunaka kwabantu amakhulu eminyaka. Njengoba linemibala egqamile ephuzi, ewolintshi, nebomvu, akumangalisi ukuthi leli tshe eliyigugu liye laziswa ngobuhle balo nezici zokuphulukisa. Kodwa yini ijaspi eliphuzi, futhi livelaphi? Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizohlola umlando we-geologic wejaspi ephuzi, okuhlanganisa nayo ukuqeqeshwa, izakhiwo, nezenzakalo.

Ijaspi eliphuzi izinhlobonhlobo ze-chalcedony, uhlobo lwe asebenza ngebhethri eyaziwa ngesakhiwo sayo se-microcrystalline kanye ne-waxy luster. I-Chalcedony iyisici esivamile sezinhlobo eziningi zamatshe ahlukene, okuhlanganisa amatshe e-sedimentary, metamorphic, nama-igneous rocks. I-jasper ephuzi, ikakhulukazi, itholakala emadwaleni e-sedimentary, njengamatshe esihlabathi nama-shales.

Ukwakheka kwejaspi ephuzi kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya ukuna koketshezi olunothe nge-silica ngaphakathi kwamadwala ayizinsika. Lolu ketshezi lungavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nomlotha wentaba-mlilo neziphethu ezishisayo. Njengoba uketshezi luphola futhi luqina, luqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezicwebezelayo, ezigcina zikhule zibe amatshe ayigugu esiwazi ngokuthi ijaspi eliphuzi.

Ijaspi ephuzi yaziwa ngemibala yayo egqamile futhi egqamile, ebangelwa ukuba khona kwe-iron oxide (hematite) ngaphakathi kwetshe eliyigugu. Inani nokusatshalaliswa kwe-hematite ngaphakathi kwetshe eliyigugu kungahluka, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala ukusuka kokuphuzi okuphaphathekile ukuya kuwolintshi ojulile nokubomvu. Ijaspi ephuzi nayo yaziwa ngebhande layo or amaphethini anemigqa, adalwe ngokuhlukahluka kokuhlushwa kwe-hematite ngaphakathi kwetshe eliyigugu.

I-jasper ephuzi itholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganise ne- I-united states, Brazil, India, kanye ne China. E-United States, i-jasper ephuzi ivame ukutholakala eNingizimu-ntshonalanga, lapho ivame ukumbiwa ukuze isetshenziswe ebucwebeni nakwezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. EBrazil, ijaspi eliphuzi livame ukutholakala ngendlela ye agathe, uhlobo lwe-chalcedony olunamaphethini anebhande.

Ngaphezu kobuhle bayo, ijaspi ephuzi nayo iyaziswa ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokuphulukisa. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-jasper ephuzi inamandla okukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo, kanye nokwandisa amandla nobungqabavu. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezenzweni zokuphulukisa ngekristalu futhi kukholakala ukuthi isiza ngezinkinga ezihlobene ne-solar plexus chakra, njengokuzethemba namandla omuntu siqu.

Sengiphetha, i-jasper ephuzi iyitshe eliyigugu elikhanyayo nelinesibindi elinomlando we-geologic othakazelisayo. Kusukela ekwakhekeni kwayo emadwaleni e-sedimentary kuya kumbala wayo ogqamile kanye nezindawo zokuphulukisa, i-jasper ephuzi iyitshe eliyigugu eliqhubeka nokuheha abantu emhlabeni jikelele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhangwa ubuhle bayo noma izici zayo zokuphulukisa, i-jasper ephuzi iyitshe eliyigugu elizokwenza kukhanye noma yiliphi iqoqo.

Okunamandla

Ukuhlola I-Geology Yeso Lengwe Eliphuzi: Lakhiwa Kanjani Leli Litshe Eliyigugu nokuthi Lingatholakalaphi

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Ilihlo eliphuzi
29
Dec

Ihlo lehlosi eliphuzi liyitshe eliyigugu elihle neliyingqayizivele elaziswa kakhulu ngabaqoqi nabathanda ubucwebe. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi lelitshe eliyigugu lakhiwa kanjani futhi litholakala kuphi? Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizocubungula i-geology yehlo lengwe eliphuzi futhi sifunde ngohambo lwayo oluhehayo ukusuka kumaminerali aluhlaza kuya kumatshe ayigugu amahle.

Ihlo lehlosi eliphuzi liwuhlobo lwe asebenza ngebhethri, i-mineral etholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. I-quartz yenziwe nge-silicon dioxide, futhi ingenzeka ngemibala ehlukahlukene namafomu, okuhlanganisa cacisa i-quartz, rose quartz, Futhi amethiste. Ihlo lehlosi eliphuzi liwuhlobo lwe-quartz olunemibala ngokuba khona kwe-iron oxide, elinikeza umbala walo ophuzi ohlukile.

Ngakho-ke i-quartz iba iso lengwe eliphuzi? Inqubo ye-metamorphism idlala indima ebalulekile ukuqeqeshwa yalelitshe eliyigugu. I-Metamorphism ukuguqulwa kwamadwala namaminerali ngokushisa, ukucindezela, nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lapho i-quartz iba ne-metamorphism, ingathatha uhlobo olusha futhi ibe amatshe ayigugu ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neso lengwe eliphuzi.

Inqubo eqondile ye-metamorphism eholela ekwakhekeni kwehlo lehlosi eliphuzi ayiqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ihilela ukunyakaza koketshezi olune-iron ku-quartz. Lolu ketshezi luqukethe i-iron oxide, eyenza i-quartz ibe nombala ophuzi. Le nqubo ingase futhi ihilele ukwakheka kwamakristalu ane-fibrous, anikeza iso lengwe eliphuzi ukuxoxa kwalo okuyisici, or "iso lekati" umphumela.

Ihlo lehlosi eliphuzi lingatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganise neNingizimu Afrika, Australia, kanye nezwe I-united states. ENingizimu Afrika, iso lengwe eliphuzi livame ukutholakala esiFundazweni saseNyakatho Kapa, ​​lapho limbiwa khona ukuze lisetshenziswe ubucwebe nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. E-Australia, iso lengwe eliphuzi litholakala esifundazweni saseNtshonalanga Australia, futhi laziwa ngombala walo ogqamile nonelanga. E-United States, iso tiger yellow ingatholakala uthi ezifana California futhi Arizona.

Ngaphandle kobuhle bayo, iso lengwe eliphuzi liyaziswa futhi ngenxa yezakhiwo zalo zokuphulukisa. Kuthiwa iletha ukucaca nokugxila engqondweni, futhi kukholakala ukuthi inemiphumela eqinisayo nethobisayo kumuntu oyigqokile. Ihlo lehlosi eliphuzi libuye lihlotshaniswe nokuchichima nokuchuma, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi lisiza ukuheha inhlanhla nempumelelo yezezimali.

Sengiphetha, iso lengwe eliphuzi liyitshe eliyigugu elithakazelisayo eline-geology eyingqayizivele neyinkimbinkimbi. Yakheka ngenqubo ye-metamorphism, iso lengwe eliphuzi lakhiwa i-quartz eliye lashintshwa ukushisa, ukucindezela, nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Lelitshe eliyigugu lingatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele futhi laziswa ngobuhle balo kanye nezindawo zokuphulukisa. Uma ungumuntu othanda amatshe ayigugu, iso lengwe eliphuzi kufanele nakanjani lihlolwe!

Okunamandla

Ukuhlola I-Geology kanye Nomlando we-Citrine: Itshe Eliyigugu Eliqhakazile elivela kuMndeni We-Quartz

Posted on by i-miamimining
iphuzu le-citrine
28
Dec

Citrine iyitshe eliyigugu elihle neliqhakazile elinomlando ocebile ku-geology kanye ne-mineralogy. Eyakwa- asebenza ngebhethri umndeni, i-citrine yaziwa ngombala wayo ophuzi osagolide futhi ingahluka kusuka kokuphaphathekile kuya kumbala we-amber ojulile. Kodwa i-citrine ayiziswanga nje ngezimfanelo zayo zobuhle - futhi inendaba eyingqayizivele yokwakheka komhlaba. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizohlola i-geology ye-citrine, okuhlanganisa nayo ukuqeqeshwa, ukwakheka kwezimbiwa, nokuthi ibisetshenziswa kanjani kuwo wonke umlando. Noma ngabe ungumthandi wezimbiwa or nje ukuthanda amatshe ayigugu amangalisayo, i-geology ye-citrine izokukhanga nakanjani.

Okokuqala, ake sihlole izici ze-geological ze-citrine. I-Citrine iyinhlobonhlobo ye-quartz, okusho ukuthi yakhiwe nge-silicon dioxide (SiO2). I-Quartz ingenye yamaminerali amaningi kakhulu eMhlabeni, futhi itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala nezinhlobonhlobo. I-Citrine, ikakhulukazi, yakhiwa ngokwelashwa kokushisa kwe amethiste, olunye uhlobo lwe-quartz. Lapho i-amethyst ishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, insimbi ekhona kumaminerali iba noshintsho lwamakhemikhali, okuholela embala ophuzi we-citrine. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngokwemvelo ngokushisa komsebenzi we-geothermal noma ngokwenziwa ngokungenelela komuntu.

I-Citrine itholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganise neBrazil, iMadagascar, iRussia kanye nezwe I-united states. Ivame ukutholakala ngokuhlanganiswa namanye amaminerali, njenge-amethyst kanye i-quartz ebhemayo, futhi ingambiwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa izimayini zemigodi evulekile kanye nomhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba. I-Citrine iphinde itholakale kuma-alluvial deposits, okuyizinsalela ze-sediment ezihanjiswe ngamanzi.

Manje ake singene emlandweni we-citrine. I-Citrine ibilokhu yaziswa ngobuhle bayo kanye nezakhiwo zayo zokuphulukisa izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi iyintelezi enamandla eyayingaletha ukuchuma nokuchichima, futhi yayivame ukugqokwa njengetshe eliyisivikelo. I-Citrine kwakukholelwa ukuthi inamandla okuzola nokulinganisela ama-chakras, okuyizikhungo zamandla emzimbeni.

I-Citrine inomlando omude futhi ohlukahlukene wokusetshenziswa. Emiphakathini yasendulo, i-citrine yayisetshenziswa njengetshe lokuhlobisa ubucwebe nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. Yayisetshenziswa futhi emikhubeni yokwelapha nengokomoya, njengoba kukholakala ukuthi inamandla okuphulukisa. I-Citrine isetshenziswe kumasiko ahlukahlukene kuwo wonke umlando, kuhlanganise namaGreki asendulo, amaRoma, namaGibhithe. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, i-citrine isaziswa njengetshe eliyigugu futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zobucwebe nezinto zokuhlobisa.

Ngakho-ke, yini eyenza i-citrine ibe itshe eliyigugu elikhethekile? Esinye sezici ezibalulekile umbala wayo. Umbala ophuzi osagolide we-citrine uhlukile futhi uheha amehlo, futhi ungasetshenziswa ukwengeza ukuchaphaza kombala kunoma iyiphi isiqephu sobucwebe noma into yokuhlobisa. I-Citrine futhi iyitshe eliyigugu elithengekayo, okwenza lifinyeleleke kubantu abahlukahlukene.

Sengiphetha, i-citrine iyitshe eliyigugu elithakazelisayo elinomlando ocebile ku-geology kanye ne-mineralogy. Umbala wayo ophuzi osagolide kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa kuyenza ibe itshe eliyigugu elithandekayo phakathi kwabathandi bamaminerali kanye nabathandi bobucwebe ngokufanayo. Noma ngabe unentshisekelo kuzakhiwo zayo zokuma komhlaba noma ukubaluleka kwayo ngokomlando, i-citrine iyitshe eliyigugu eliqinisekile ukuthi lizoheha futhi likhuthaze.

Okunamandla

Ukwembula i-Geology Ngemuva kweTopazi Yegolide

Posted on by i-miamimining

Golden itopazi iyitshe eliyigugu elihle elidonsa ukunaka ngemibala yalo ekhazimulayo esagolide. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza mayelana ne-geology ngemuva kwalesi mineral esimangalisayo? Itholakala ngokuyinhloko eBrazil, itopazi legolide iyinhlobonhlobo ye-topazi yamaminerali futhi yaziwa ngemibala yayo ephuzi kuya kowolintshi. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizocubungula i-geology ye-topazi yegolide futhi sithole izici zayo ezihlukile futhi ukuqeqeshwa inqubo.

Okokuqala, ake sikhulume ngemvelaphi yetopazi yegolide. Le mineral itholakala ikakhulukazi eBrazil, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseMinas Gerais. Imbiwa etsheni le-granitic kanye ne-gneissic, kanye ne-alluvial deposits. I-topazi yegolide ingatholakala nakwamanye amazwe, njengeRussia, Pakistan, kanye nakwamanye amazwe I-united states, kodwa amadiphozithi ase-Brazilian aziwa ngokukhiqiza amatshe ayigugu ekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu.

Pho, yini eyenza itopazi legolide likhetheke kangaka? Kokukodwa, iyiminerali eqine kakhulu, ibekwe ku-8 esikalini se-Mohs samaminerali ubulukhuni. Lokhu kuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa kubucwebe nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. I-topazi yegolide nayo iqinile futhi imelana nokuklwebheka nokuqoshwa, okwengeza inani layo njengetshe eliyigugu. Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo, i-topazi yegolide nayo iyaziwa ngombala wayo oyingqayizivele. Ama-hues amaminerali aphuzi kuya ku-orange abangelwa ukuba khona kokungcola kwensimbi ne-chromium esakhiweni sekristalu.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-topazi yegolide kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izimo ezihlukahlukene ze-geological. Iminerali ivamise ukwakhiwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinengcindezi ephezulu, njengalezo ezitholakala kumatshe e-granitic kanye ne-gneissic. Ibuye itholakale kuma-alluvial deposits, okuyizindawo lapho ihanjiswe khona futhi ifakwe emanzini. Izimo ezithile ezidingekayo ekubunjweni kwetopazi legolide azikaqondwa ngokugcwele, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuba khona kwamaminerali athile, njenge asebenza ngebhethri kanye ne-feldspar, ingase idlale indima ekubunjweni kwayo.

Ngokusetshenziswa kwayo, itopazi yegolide isetshenziswa kakhulu njengetshe eliyigugu ebucwebeni. Ibuye isetshenziswe ngezinye izikhathi ezintweni zokuhlobisa nanjengento yabaqoqi. Inani letshe eliyigugu letopazi legolide lisekelwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa umbala walo, ukucaca, ukusika, nesisindo se-carat. Amatshe ayigugu e-topazi egolide ayigugu kakhulu yilawo anombala ojulile, ocebile nokucaca okuhle kakhulu.

I-topazi yegolide ayiziswa nje kuphela ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo nobuhle, kodwa futhi ibamba indawo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zamasiko nezingokomfanekiso. Kwamanye amasiko, itshe eliyigugu kukholakala ukuthi linezinto zokwelapha futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi liletha inhlanhla nokuchuma. Ibuye ngezinye izikhathi ihlotshaniswe nayo ukuthanda nobudlelwano, futhi kukholakala ukuthi buletha ukulingana nokuzwana.

Sengiphetha, itopazi yegolide iyitshe eliyigugu elithakazelisayo nelihle eline-geology eyinkimbinkimbi. Izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele kanye nenqubo yokwakheka, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo kwamasiko nengokomfanekiso, kuyenza ibe amaminerali akhethekile ngempela. Noma ngabe uyisazi sokuma komhlaba, umthandi wobucwebe, or umane nje umuntu owazisa ubuhle bemvelo, itopazi legolide liyiminerali okufanele ihlolwe.

Okunamandla

Ukuhlola Umsuka Wendawo kanye Nezimpawu Ze-Sunstone

Posted on by i-miamimining
sunstone tower
27
Dec

I-Sunstone iyitshe eliyigugu elihle nelihehayo osekunesikhathi laziswa ngenxa yemibala yalo ecwebezelayo, evuthayo ewolintshi. Kodwa ngaphezu kwenani lalo lokuhlobisa, i-sunstone nayo iyiminerali ethakazelisayo enomlando oyinkimbinkimbi futhi othakazelisayo we-geological. Kulo mbhalo webhulogi, sizohlola umsuka wokwakheka komhlaba kanye nezici ze-sunstone, sihlola i-mineralogy yalo, ukuvela kwemvelo, nezinye izici ezithakazelisayo zaleli tshe eliyigugu eliyingqayizivele.

I-Sunstone iyinhlobonhlobo ye-feldspar, iqembu lamaminerali e-silicate avamile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamadwala. Ngokukhethekile izinhlobonhlobo ze-plagioclase feldspar, ebonakala nge-triclinic yayo isakhiwo sekristalu nokubukeka okunombala ombaxambili. I-Sunstone yaziwa ngomphumela wayo ocwazimulayo, okubangelwa ukuba khona kwama-flakes amancane ithusi or i-hematite ngaphakathi kwekristalu. Lo mphumela ocwazimulayo waziwa ngokuthi “i-aventurescence,” futhi wenza itshe lelanga libe nombala walo ohlukile, osawolintshi ovuthayo.

I-Sunstone itholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa ezinye zediphozithi ezaziwa kakhulu zitholakala e-Oregon, USA. E-Oregon, i-sunstone imbiwa ohlotsheni lwedwala elibizwa nge-basalt, elakhiwe ngodaka olupholile. Amakristalu e-sunstone atholakala ngaphakathi kwe-basalt, futhi avame ukuhambisana namanye amaminerali afana ne-mica kanye asebenza ngebhethri.

I-Sunstone iyitshe eliyigugu elihlala isikhathi eside futhi eliqinile, eline- ubulukhuni ka-6-6.5 esikalini se-Mohs. Iyakwazi ukumelana nokuklwebheka nokugqokwa, okwenza kube ukukhetha okudumile ukuze kusetshenziswe ubucwebe. Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kokuhlobisa, i-sunstone iphinde yaziswa ngezindawo zayo zokuphulukisa futhi isetshenziswe emithini yendabuko ehlukahlukene. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi i-sunstone inamandla okuvuselela ama-chakras futhi ilethe umuzwa wokuchichima nokuchuma.

I-Sunstone itholakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene, kusukela kuwolintshi ophaphathekile kuye kobomvu ngokujulile. Umbala we-sunstone unqunywa ukuba khona kokungcola ngaphakathi kwekristalu. Isibonelo, i-sunstone enombala obomvu ojulile ingase ibe namazinga aphezulu e-iron oxide, kuyilapho ilitshe lelanga eliwolintshi eliphaphathekile lingase libe namazinga aphansi okungcola.

Ngaphezu kobuhle bayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okungokoqobo, i-sunstone nayo ibe yindaba yezinganekwane nezinsumansumane ezinhlobonhlobo kuwo wonke umlando. Kwamanye amasiko asendulo, i-sunstone kwakukholelwa ukuthi inamandla okuletha inhlanhla nokuchuma kulabo abanalo. Kwamanye, kukholakala ukuthi inamandla okuvikela abahambi ekulimaleni nokubaletha ekhaya ngokuphepha.

Naphezu kwezici zayo eziningi ezithakazelisayo, i-sunstone iseyitshe eliyigugu elingaziwa uma liqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu ezifana namadayimane noma ama-emeralds. Kodwa-ke, ubuhle bayo obuyingqayizivele kanye nomlando othakazelisayo wokwakheka komhlaba kuyenza ibe imineral okufanele ihlolwe nokufunda kabanzi ngayo. Noma ngabe ungumthandi wokwakheka komhlaba noma ujabulela nje ubuhle bamatshe ayigugu, i-sunstone iyiminerali eqinisekile ukuthi izoheha futhi ikhuthaze.

Okunamandla

I-Geology Yethusi: Insimbi Ethakazelisayo Enomlando Ocebile

Posted on by i-miamimining
Ama-cubes ethusi ahlanzekile
27
Dec

Copper iyingxenye yamakhemikhali enophawu u-Cu kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-29. Iyinsimbi ethambile, ethambile, nedubulekayo ene-thermal ephezulu kakhulu kanye ne-electrical conductivity. I-Copper itholakala oqweqweni lomhlaba ezinhlobonhlobo zamaminerali, kufaka phakathi i-chalcopyrite, malachite, futhi bornite. Kuwo wonke umlando, iye yadlala indima ebalulekile empucukweni yabantu, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwamathuluzi nobucwebe kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwayo ezintanjeni zikagesi zesimanje. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizocubungula i-geology yethusi, sihlole yayo ukuqeqeshwa, izakhiwo, kanye nokusetshenziswa emhlabeni namuhla.

Ukwakhiwa Kwethusi

Ithusi liyinto evamile oqweqweni lomhlaba, okwenza isilinganiso esilinganiselwa ku-0.0001% wobunzima bomhlaba. Itholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zamaminerali, kanti i-chalcopyrite iyinala kakhulu futhi ibalulekile kwezomnotho. I-Copper ingatholakala futhi ngamanani amancane ngesimo somdabu, okusho ukuthi ayihlanganisiwe nezinye izakhi kumaminerali.

Amaminerali e-Copper akha ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geological, kuhlanganise ne-volcanic, sedimentary, kanye nemvelo ye-metamorphic. Amadiphozithi ethusi abaluleke kakhulu, noma kunjalo, yilezo ezakha kusuka ekuhlanganiseni kwethusi oketshezini olushisayo. Lolu ketshezi, olunothe ngamaminerali ancibilikisiwe, lukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokuqiniswa kwetshe elincibilikisiwe, elaziwa ngokuthi i-magma.

Njengoba uketshezi luhamba oqweqweni lomhlaba, lungavaleleka ezingxenyeni eziqhekekile namaphutha, akhe imithambo yamaminerali ethusi. Amaminerali angaphinda afakwe edwaleni elinezimbotshana, njenge-sandstone, enze uhlobo lwediphozi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-porphyry copper deposit.

Izakhiwo Zethusi

I-Copper inenani lezinto eziyingqayizivele ezenza kube insimbi ebalulekile emisebenzini ehlukahlukene. Kuyi-conductor enhle yokushisa nogesi, okwenza kube usizo ekudluliseni ugesi kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-heaters. I-Copper ibuye imelane nokugqwala, iyenze ibe yinto ehlala isikhathi eside ukuze isetshenziswe kumapayipi nezinye izingqalasizinda.

I-Copper ingahlanganiswa nezinye izinsimbi ukwenza ama-alloys, angaba namandla athuthukisiwe, ubulukhuni, nezinye izakhiwo. Amanye ama-alloys ethusi avamile ahlanganisa ithusi, okuyingxube yethusi nezinc, nethusi, okuyingxube yethusi nethini.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Copper

Ithusi selisetshenziswe abantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka, nobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwalo kusukela empucukweni yasendulo yaseGibhithe, eChina naseMelika. Esikhathini esidlule, ithusi lalisetshenziselwa ukwenza amathuluzi, ubucwebe nezinto zokuhlobisa. Yayisetshenziswa futhi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, njengoba iwumqhubi omuhle wokushisa nogesi.

Namuhla, ithusi lisetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izintambo zikagesi, amapayipi amanzi, nokwakhiwa kwezimoto nezindiza. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni izinhlamvu zemali, ubucwebe, nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. I-Copper iyisici esibalulekile sama-alloys amaningi, kuhlanganise nethusi nethusi, asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo.

Ukumbiwa kwethusi nakho kuye kwafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi wesintu. Izimayini zethusi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, kuhlanganise neChile, i I-united states, kanye ne-Australia. Ukumba ithusi kuhilela ukukhishwa kwensimbi emhlabeni, bese igaywa ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi yethusi. Ukumbiwa kwekhopha kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ngenxa yalokho, imboni yezimayini yenze imizamo yokunciphisa umthelela wayo kwezemvelo, okuhlanganisa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokumba esimeme kanye nokusetshenziswa kwethusi eligaywe kabusha.

Isiphetho

I-Copper iyinsimbi ethakazelisayo enomlando ocebile kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene. Izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele, kuhlanganise nekhono layo lokuqhuba ukushisa nogesi kanye nokumelana kwayo nokugqwala, kuyenza ibaluleke

insiza emphakathini wanamuhla. Kusukela ezintambo zikagesi namapayipi amanzi kuya ekwakhiweni kwezimoto nezindiza, ithusi lidlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwethu.

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukumba ithusi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo. Kubalulekile ukuthi imboni iqhubeke nokusebenzela izindlela zokumba ezinzile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwethusi eligaywe kabusha ukuze kuncishiswe le mithelela.

Kafushane, i-geology yethusi iyisihloko esithakazelisayo, lapho insimbi itholakala kumaminerali ahlukahlukene futhi yakheka ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-geological. Izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuyenza ibe yinsiza ebalulekile ezweni lanamuhla, futhi ukumba ithusi kube nendima ebalulekile emlandweni wesintu.